What does the term "pollination" refer to in plant reproduction?

Pollination is a crucial process in plant reproduction that involves the transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the flower, known as the stamen, to the female part, the pistil. This transfer is essential for fertilization to occur, as it allows the sperm cells contained in the pollen to reach the ovule within the pistil. Once pollination takes place, it often leads to the fertilization of the ovules, resulting in seed formation and the continuation of the plant's life cycle.

The other options address different aspects of plant reproduction. The fusion of gametes refers specifically to the fertilization process rather than the initial stage of pollination. Shedding of seeds relates to seed dispersal, which occurs after fertilization and seed development. The growth of new plants from spores describes a different reproductive strategy used by some plants and fungi, distinct from the flowering plants that typically undergo pollination. Thus, the definition of pollination correctly captures this integral step in the reproductive cycle of flowering plants.