What is the process by which plants reproduce without seeds called?

The process by which plants reproduce without seeds is called asexual reproduction. This type of reproduction allows plants to create offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant, which can occur through various methods such as vegetative propagation, budding, or fragmentation. Asexual reproduction is advantageous in stable environments where the parent plant is well-adapted, as it ensures that the traits of the successful parent are passed on to the new plants.

In contrast, cross pollination involves the transfer of pollen from one plant to another, leading to sexual reproduction that produces seeds. Sexual reproduction generally requires male and female reproductive structures and results in genetic variation among the offspring. Grafting is a horticultural technique used to join parts from two plants, but it is not a method of reproduction by itself. These other processes involve different reproductive strategies that do not fit the criteria for seedless reproduction.